The Alderson Radiation Therapy (ART) Phantom

Applications

• Organ specific dosimetry for all dosimeters (TLD, OSL nanodots, MOSFET, film, ion chambers, and diodes)
• Standard 3 cm x 3 cm or 1.5 cm x 1.5 cm hole grids for dosimeters
• IMRT organ dose distributions

Modalities

• External beams in the 0.04 to 40 MeV
• Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT)
• Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT)
• Gamma Knife
• CyberKnife
• CT
• Cone Beam CT

Anatomy

The male ART represents a 175 cm (5 ft. 9 in.) tall, 73.5 kg (162 lb.) male, and the female ART represents a 155 cm (5 ft. 1 in.) tall, 50 kg (110 lb.) female.

The ART Phantom is transected-horizontally into 2.5 cm thick slices. Each slice has holes which are plugged with bone-equivalent, soft-tissue-equivalent or lung tissue equivalent pins which can be replaced by TLD holder pins. Holder pins may be ordered separately.

Soft-tissue-equivalent coatings produce slices with glass smooth interfaces. These coatings are cut away over the air spaces of the oronasal pharynges, trachea, and stem bronchi. Dosimetry holes are drilled in grids 3 cm x 3 cm or 1.5 cm x 1.5 cm in 5 and 7 mm diameters thereby allowing for detailed measurements of dose distributions.

Breast Attachments

Breasts are available in various sizes. They can be sliced in frontal planes, drilled or undrilled for film dosimetry. Slices can receive any of the pins listed in the TLD Dosimeters and Fittings section, below. Breasts of male and female ART Phantoms are contoured to blend realistically with the thoraxes and attached with nylon screws. The male chest with attached breasts serves as a large female.

Materials

Soft Tissues: There are unlimited, small variations in density and absorption throughout the human body. Phantom soft tissue is closely controlled to have the average density of these tissues.

Skeletons: RSD skeletons are highly detailed polymer moldings which reproduce the shape, mass density and attenuation coefficients of cortical bone and spongiosa. This allows for continuous production of phantoms, instead of the sporadic production required by the limited availability, variable size and uncertain chemical composition of human skeletons. Our proprietary moldings allow for continuous production, eliminate the restrictions of human skeleton bones (including limited availability, variable size, and uncertain chemical composition), and avoid the loss of marrows in dried natural skeletons thereby making RSD skeletons superior to “real bone.”

Molds for the RSD cortical bone and spongiosa were made from human skeletons consistent with the sizes of the soft tissue molds.

RSD skeletons conform closely to the standards established by the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU Report No. 44); mass density is reduced slightly to take into account a small decrease in calcium content for older patients.

Lungs: Lungs are molded from syntactic foam, with a specific gravity of 0.30 g/cc.

TLD Dosimeters and Fittings

Phantoms are shipped with all dosimetry holes filled with blank pins. Pins for TLD chips have recesses at one end measuring 3.2 x 3.2 x 0.9 mm. Pins for TLD rods have 1 mm-diameter holes cross-drilled at the centers of the pins. All pins are 2.50 cm long unless otherwise specified. Pins may also be ordered to accommodate various types of OSLD dosimeters. Tissue equivalent plugs specifically machined for TLD chips, TLD rods, TLD bars, TLD cubes, MOSFET detectors, as well as LANDAUER® OSL MicroSTAR® and nanoDot® holders, are also available.

LANDAUER®, MicroSTAR®, and nanoDot® are registered trademarks of LANDAUER®, a division of Fluke® Corporation.

Assembly

ART Phantom slices are held between aluminum plates by nylon tie rods. Knobs at the end of the rods clamp the slices tightly in proper alignment. Both internal and external assembly devices are included.

The external assembly facilitates film dosimetry, while the internal assembly is used generally with TLDs or ion chamber dosimetry.

Model Numbers

• Male ART Phantom
  • ART-200          Sections 0-35, 3 cm x 3 cm Gride Hole Spacing
  • ART-200A        Sections 0-35, 1.5 cm x 1.5 cm Gride Hole Spacing
  • ART-200X        Sections 0-35, Undrilled
• Male ART Head and Neck Phantom
  • ART-210          Sections 0-9, 3 cm x 3 cm Gride Hole Spacing
  • ART-210A        Sections 0-9, 1.5 cm x 1.5 cm Gride Hole Spacing
  • ART-210X        Sections 0-9, Undrilled
• Male ART Chest Phantom
  • ART-211          Sections 10-25, 3 cm x 3 cm Gride Hole Spacing
  • ART-211A        Sections 10-25, 1.5 cm x 1.5 cm Gride Hole Spacing
  • ART-211X        Sections 10-25, Undrilled
• Male ART Pelvis Phantom
  • ART-212          Sections 26-35, 3 cm x 3 cm Gride Hole Spacing
  • ART-212A        Sections 26-35, 1.5 cm x 1.5 cm Gride Hole Spacing
  • ART-212X        Sections 26-35, Undrilled
• Female ART Phantom
  • ART-300          Sections 0-35, 3 cm x 3 cm Gride Hole Spacing
  • ART-300A        Sections 0-35, 1.5 cm x 1.5 cm Gride Hole Spacing
  • ART-300X        Sections 0-35, Undrilled (Sections 0-32)
• Female ART Head and Neck Phantom
  • ART-310          Sections 0-9, 3 cm x 3 cm Gride Hole Spacing
  • ART-310A        Sections 0-9, 1.5 cm x 1.5 cm Gride Hole Spacing
  • ART-310X        Sections 0-9, Undrilled
• Female ART Chest Phantom
  • ART-311          Sections 10-25, 3 cm x 3 cm Gride Hole Spacing
  • ART-311A        Sections 10-25, 1.5 cm x 1.5 cm Gride Hole Spacing
  • ART-311X        Sections 10-25, Undrilled
• Female ART Pelvis Phantom
  • ART-312          Sections 26-35, 3 cm x 3 cm Gride Hole Spacing
  • ART-312A        Sections 26-35, 1.5 cm x 1.5 cm Gride Hole Spacing
  • ART-312X        Sections 26-35, Undrilled